c a Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Laboratory of tropical ingraft Resource Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan obligation 650223, mainland China b The University of Western Ontario, part of chemical substance an d biochemical Engineering, might of Engineering, Thompson Engineering Building - Room 457, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada c Tohoku University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8579, Japan a r t i c l e i n f o member history: Received 3 August 2011 authorized 26 December 2011 Available online xxx Keywords: Lignocellulosic biomass Hydrolysis Sugars Biofuels Solid acids magnetic nanoparticles a b s t r a c t Solid acid accelerator pedals, which have well-off characteristics such as ef?cient activity, high selectivity, long catalyst vitality and ease in recovery and reuse, have great potential drop for ef?ciently transforming lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and can supersede many naturalized liquid acids for hydrolysis and pretreatment. This stimulate brie?y introduces conventional biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis techniques, and reviews in detail the characteristics of biomass hydrolysis for ?ve types of sol idness acid catalysts grouped as H-form zeol! ites, transition-metal oxides, cation-exchange resins, supported solid acids and heteropoly compounds. Carbonaceous solid acid (CSA) catalysts are considered as the most promising catalyst for cellulose hydrolysis, since they provide acceptable access of reactants to the acidic sites of SO3H groups. High glucose yields of up to 75% with 80% selectivity have been achieved at 150 C for 24 h with...If you want to get a ample essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com
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