World War II, The Good War

gentlemans gentleman War II, The Good War field War II marked a key turning luff in world history as nations around the world were touched by the outcomes of the state of war removede for umpteen years even after the war. Nevertheless, the unspoilt war thesis suggests that World War II was a sightly war. An analysis of the bigger picture comprising of the Great Depression steer up to the war, the war itself, and the postwar American development is crucial to the answer of whether the war was a good war.The fall in States had been stuck in the Great Depression since 1929 up to the war. This economic collapse took a toll on the society many set about hunger, homelessness, and nutritional disorders. The biggest problem was unemployment. In 1933, one in trey workers was unemployed and the scrimping was in dire need of government spending. (p. 676). worsened still, the monetary collapse had triggered a global depression that affected the worlds economy. termination chair Roo sevelt managed to help America survive the financial collapse precisely it would get under ones skin more than the New Deal to end the depression. Nevertheless, by the late 1930s, Americas financial system was more stable compared to that of the early(a) industrialized nations. (p. 697)During the global depression, dictators, specifically Adolf Hitler, Emperor Hirohito, and Benito Mussolini, rose to supply to spread totalitarianism across the world. The united States was initially divided on its involvement in the war but the attack on drop-off Harbor ended that debate. The unite States entered the war against the Axis nations.The United States entered the war to stop the spread of Nazism and demote its horrible scheme of racial exceedinglyiority to the world. The Allies goals were made actualise in General Dwight Eisenhowers message to the troops fighting on D-Day stating that they go away bring about the death of the German war machine and the ejection of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe.1In achieving this goal, the United States contend an important role in liberating the Death camps in Europe. At these camps, American GIs witnessed branchhand the horror of Nazi barbarianities. A picture taken at a concentration camp at Buchenwald gives Senator Alben Barkley looking sadly at the dead naked bodies staked up. The malnourished bodies and badly bruised heads showed that they had been tortured.2News and pictures that were taken loose the evidence of Nazi atrocities to the world. In the end, the United States managed to stop the spread of the super race disease and the allied victory meant that body politic too, had won.3While the United States fought for democracy across the world, African Americans still faced discrimination. As in the movie Liberators, African Americans had to fight to serve their own kingdom.4Even when infantrymen were urgently needed, African Americans were only given menial chores. Finally, when they we re allowed to serve in bit positions, they served in segregated armies. Nevertheless, the war gave African Americans a chance to show the world, especially Americans, that they were good, loyal fighters. One was Dorie Miller. When the USS West Virginia was attacked on Pearl Harbor, he unexpended his kitchen job, picked up a weapon and fired attacks at the Nipponese planes.5Despite segregation, African American GIs like Dorie Miller proved to be great combat and pilot fighters.However, the analysis of World War II would not be complete without a discussion of the war repercussions. This brutal war took the lives of fifty to sixty million soldiers and civilians.6Combat morale dropped as the war proceeded because soldiers were tired and hungry from sleepless nights and fighting. To exacerbate the situation, armies lost their comrades and it seemed that death had become a kind of epidemic.7Apart from that were the bombings of cities. These were hardships that Americans did not have t o hold out but rather hardships that the United States imposed on its enemies. In from each one bombing attack in Japan, incendiary bombs destroyed wooden homes and killed tens of thousands of civilians. The tangible destruction from the war left major cities in Asia and Europe in ruins, while the United States was left almost untouched. Thus, the United States was in a better position after the war compared to the other nations.On the homefront, the power of the federal government grew immensely to coordinate the war production. Through his fireplace chats, President Roosevelt urged Americans to contribute towards the war effort and told them that they could not afford to severalise against women or African Americans in their employment practices.8Consequently, many women entered the workplace for the first time. However, the total war besides restricted some civil liberties at home, especially for Japanese Americans. As many as 120,000 Japanese Americans were puzzle into in ternment camps without due process for the fear that they might engage in spying and sabotage in support of the enemy.9Regardless, admitting that the internment was a field of study mistake, President Gerald Ford offered a proclamation in 1976 as an authorised apology including reparations payment to internment survivors.10Amidst this proclamation, the civil rights movement and act were al officious underway.The necessity of the total war offered the first real chance for mobility for African Americans and women at home and abroad. However, after the war, women lost their jobs and African Americans still faced segregation. This led to the civil rights movement which began after the war as the absolute majority of the Negro soldiers returned home convinced that whatever betterment of their lot is achieved mustiness come largely through their own efforts as stated by Walter White.11Beyond social mobility, the war gave African Americans the chance to serve their country and women t he chance to experience working life. Therefore, the war provided African Americans and women a beardown(prenominal) foundation for the fight for their civil rights.World War II also brought economic recovery to the United States at home and abroad far beyond what the New Deal could bring. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the unemployment rate fell to 7% and was lower than 4% in the postwar years.12It was a time of prosperity for the United States. Through the GI bill, reverting GIs were able to attend college and purchase homes with low mortgages. Many started their own families, leading to the baby boom era. The American postwar prosperity was also grow by foreign demand for American exports. As the other nations rebuilt from the destruction of the war, the needs of these nations could only be met by the United States, the nation that was left untouched by war-related destructions.13Not surprisingly, the United States became the most victorious and ready for economic developmen t in the postwar years.On the political spectrum, however, the United States and the Soviet Union soon entered an arms race known as the Cold War. Americans feared the break out of a nuclear war as the threat of communism around the world intensified. The conflict between the 2 nations became the precursor to the Korean War in 1950, the Vietnam War in 1965, and the other global revolutions in Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean.In conclusion, World War II, assessed in a larger picture, was indeed a just war. It put the American economy back on its feet and gave impetus to the civil rights movement that took place in the postwar years. Most importantly, the spread of Nazism ended while democracy prevailed. The United Nations was created to prevent another world war although wars still took place, the bushel and scale of these wars were in no way as large compared to World War II. In these senses, the United States fought for a good reason and the Allied victory set the United State s for years of prosperity.

Analysis of The Justice Cascade by Kathryn Sikkink

Analysis of The justice Cascade by Kathryn SikkinkThe Justice Cascade How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World originities. By Kathryn Sikkink. sweet York W.W. Norton Company. 2011, 352, pp. $18.42 (Hardc everywhere)The Justice Cascade How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics Written by Kathryn Sikkink, is an exploration of the need for justice in the policy-making scene. It is an esteemment of the significance of accountability among politicians. It just reinforces the need for the empowerment of external tribunals to try cases that involve important governmental leading to deter time to come recurrences of power smear. Overall, the maintain seeks to answer the question on how human rights prosecutions find the world politics?The exploration of this question results led the author to some(prenominal) findings. Firstly, in reinforcing the need for trials of leadership especially in cases of crimes against humanity, the author predicates that th e possible action promotes the principle of democracy and promoting human rights as international norm. Logically, as more than leaders are put on trial, it becomes more likely that in the future leaders will respect the rights of their people and will speak out twice before violating human rights. Likewise, it is also likely that individuals in gritty positions will avoid actions that border on corruption or abuse of power while they are in any governmental or nongovernmental position. The author provided cases of power abuse in several countries. On this manifestation, Sikkink indicates that over the years, a ruptured transition was no longer a condition for prosecutions (Sikkink 83). Secondly, the author undertakes to examine former high-profile cases which involved political figures on an international platform. She negates the claims make by skeptics who prevail that the trials are often a sham intend to deceive the public. Such skeptics indicate that international system is largely think to benefit the affluent and powerful figures, while neglect the need for the activity of the law in its entirety. Sikkink noted that such prosecutions comprise some of the nigh effective ways by which occurrences of abuse of power and dictatorship across the nation and internationally are negated. She attributes the increase in democracy across the eyeball to such prosecutions. According to Sikkink, the justice cascade is a basic manikin of norm cascade. The author opts for the term cascades to describe the newly uphill phenomenon. For instance, the social life in the United States is full of these cascades. An example is a policy of banning public smoking which after proposition became astray accepted as the norm (Sikkink 15). Sikkink suggested that the political leaders prosecutions will be worldwide accepted as a universal norm.More than ever, countries in Africa, Europe and Latin America do not declare to receive the brunt of aggressive leadership as a result of the publicized prosecutions. leadership of these countries ended up losing immunity for any acts of human rights violation. Shkkink acknowledge the government agency of human rights activists in these countries. Human rights activists helps to correct the behaviour of political leaders around the globe. In this book, the author discredits the critics who reject the need for the early prosecutorial interventions in the political environment. Such critics suggest that this may be the cause of further conflict in the countries affected by the prosecutions. However, Sikkink supports the idea that such prosecutions have greatly augmented human rights empowerment and democratic efforts initiated in many another(prenominal) countries today.The book presents historical and global cases. Sikkink considers the reality of justice and the international norm, the book took a comprehensive approach. It does not limit itself to a particular piece of the world, but rather explores th e manifestation of political abuses and injustice on a global scale. The global approach ensures that the justice cascade or the prosecutions of political leaders become an international norm. The author hints that without the pursuance of political leaders prosecutions as an international norm, conflicts may continue to arise and resolving these conflicts may be postponed, which leads to division, chaos or maybe civil war in a given country. In engaging an inclusive tone to assess the implications of human rights in the international community, the book succeeds in exploring the contrasts between the front political environments in many countries and the prevailing stability in countries that were antecedently unstable. The author predicates that leaders are subjected to fear when they are made to assure the prosecution of their fellows on an international platform (Sikkink 174).The author asserted that, The culminating stay of the justice cascade was the creation of the planet ary Criminal Court (Sikkink 209). The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created to ensure that individuals are responsible and will be held accountable for their actions. The author explores the history of the tribunal and the factors that led to its establishment and empowerment. close of the critics feels that the ICC is partisan and avoids cases that involve superpowers while imposing its power on the anemic nations. The book determines that leaders of the powerful countries have not yet charged or prosecuted for their crimes against humanity. For instance, the events that took place in the aftermath of September 11 storm in New York, which led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The author cut that at the time, the binding frameworks between the US and the ICC were not fully canonical to prosecute individuals who were found to have propagated torture of suspects. Although, the United States have sign-language(a) the Rome statute, but on May 6, 2002 the United States for mally withdrew its spirit of ratification.The book answers the tough questions with regards to the power of the international tribunals to prosecute political and high-ranking figures. It attributes the reduction in cases of political abuse to the increased empowerment of international prosecutions. Sikkinks analysis allows the reader access to the history and progress of human rights defense frameworks on a global scale. It provides the readers the foundational knowledge that they require to fully empathize the implications of human rights prosecutions on the international scene.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human automobile trunkAnatomy and PhysiologyPart AIdentify the collapses of the contractive outline on the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief) castulate the make of each mathematical become of the digestive establishment identified in the diagram above? analysis the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and beg off how each of them argon digested and absorbed by the soundbox?Part BDraw a diagram of a typical carrell and verbalize the exercise of each of its organelles?Classify tissues into the quaternity main(prenominal) hosts epithelial, connective, ponderosity, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice)Explain the passing between benign and cancerous tumours?Part CLabel the urinary carcass using the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief)Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system?Draw the structure of a Nephron and justify how it uncovers pee?Name and excuse three dise ases /disorders which light upon the urinary system?Part A(ii)Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above? cover talkOesophagusStomachLiver gall vesicaPancreasLarge Intestine beautiful IntestineAppendixRectumAnusIn this prick I will explain each of the stages of digestion where the nutrient displaces from the communicate into each section of the digestive system until it leaves the bole from the anus.MouthThis is the graduation part of the digestive system. The mouth is make up of the teeth, glossa and salivary glands. We put food in our mouth and chew it with our teeth the be quartet main types of teeth the front being incisors which we have four of in the top and bottom jaws these be sharp and cut finished our food. Then we have the pukeines we have twain in each jaw and ar used for tearing our food. We so(prenominal) have the premolars which have four in each jaw for annihilating and breaking subject our food. The n we have the molars which there ar half-dozen to each jaw and have the same action as the premolars. Our tongue dissembles the food around our mouth to our different teeth. It mixes with our saliva which is entombd from the salivary glands which contains water, mucous secretion and the enzyme salivary amylase and when mixed with the food creates bolus which we then swallow using the countenance of our tongue. (Class notes 2015)OesophagusThis is an in self-imposed muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the place upright. It carries the food to the concentrate by muscle contraction called peristalsis. This muscle contracts and slakees to create a pother like motion for the food to travel down smoothly likewise releasing mucus to lubricate the traveling of the bolus to the stomach. (Class notes 2015)StomachFood gets to the stomach through the oesophagus and passes through the cardiac sphincter this blocks the food from travelling back up the oesophagus. In the stomach which resembles a full- surface firing that hatful hold anything between 2- 4 litres of food depending on the person. The first part of digestion starts here the stomach churns the bolus around and adds enzymes to aid in the disruption of the bolus to create chime. The stomach also releases hydrochloric acid to kill the bacteria that travel to the stomach contained in the food.(Class notes 2015)LiverThe livers function in the digestive system is as follows it secretes bile into the junior-grade bowel and this is generally to breakdown the robust that has travelled to the weakened intestine it also takes the nutrients that have been adsorbed by the smooth intestine and changes them into chemicals that the form needs. It also breaks down drugs and alcohol that have been consumed. . (clevelandclinic.org 2015)GallbladderThe Gallbladder is attached to the liver and set ups the bile from the liver which is used to digest and break down the fats in the dep permited intestine t his takes place in the duodenum.PancreasThe pancreas is a gland that is just behind the stomach its function is to secrete both Exocrine and endocrinal. Exocrine is the pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. Endocrine contains important hormones which include insulin and glucagon. Both of these second balance the amount of kale in the body in different ways.Large IntestineThe large intestine is approx. 1.5 metres long and connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus this is draped over the small intestine its main function is to reach the inhabit of the nutrients and water from the food passing through it the left overs are faeces and the large intestine gets rid of this waste from the body through the anus.Small IntestineThe small intestine is mean(prenominal)ly about 6 meters long and approximately 90% of digestion takes place here through the main 3 separate that are k instantly as duodenum, jejunum and ileum. On the inside walls of the small intestine ar e villi that work for nutrient absorption and also have a group of lymph and livestock vessels.AppendixThe appendix is commonly classed as a delusive organ which is attached to the large intestine ascending it can store bad bacteria and this in turn can cause lighting thus leading to appendicitis and removal of the appendix. Although it is disputed that the appendix can store good bacteria and after a bout of diarrheal illnesses it can reboot the digestive system. (webmd.com 2015)RectumThe rectum is the last part of the large intestine the distance being around 12cm long and is a store house for faeces. This is the odd food, bacteria and undigested materials such as roughage that is found in vegetables and is all stored here until the rectum walls expand and we get the urge to defecate. (healthline.com 2015)AnusThis is the very last part of the digestive system we defecate through the anus and is a voluntary movement in most population only when not in infants. This is where we dispel waste which contains bacteria, undigested food.Part A(iii)Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body?In this section I will create a chart covering the sources, functions and digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the human body and will show there different personal personal effects and how they fuel the body with energy.SourcesFunctionDigestionProteinsGroundnuts, beans, whole cereals, fish,pulses,meat,eggs,Milk and cheese.Protein builds theBody and repairs muscle. Its upset(a) down in the digestive system and travels to the muscles as aminic acids.Stomach,Pepsin breaks protein into large polypeptides.Small intestine, enzymes break large polypeptides into smaller polypeptide chains.Lastly palliate in the intestine enzymes the small polypeptides are broken into amino acids for absorption.Fats dairy farm farm products, meat, fish, olive oil, cake, chocolate, avocados and sunfl ower oil.Good fats help maintain a levelheaded diet and are essential to health. Bad fats cause weight unclutter and health problems such as clogged arteries.Small intestine crushed down by bile salts from the liver and turned into liquid.Small intestine, its broken down further into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed.CarbohydratesPotatoes, pasta, apples, bread, meat, fish and dairy products.Provide the body with energy for the muscles, nervous system and also help the body hit the ceiling fat.Carbohydrates get broken down to monosaccharides to get absorbed and then will become glucose to supply the body with energy.Part BDraw the typical diagram of a cellular phonephone, and state the function of each of its organelles?In this section I will take over a typical animal cell as I key it and will give a breakdown of each of its organelles and how they function in the typical cell.Cell membrane, this is the outer(a) skin of the cell that holds everything inside the cell and keeps things away the cell and also that controls movement into or out of the cell.Cytoplasm, this is a gel like fluid which stores nutrients and water for the cell and also helps entertain the cell acting like a cushion for cell movement.Nucleus, this contains deoxyribonucleic acid and all the cells genetic characteristics and also direct the activity of the cell.Nu work out membrane, this is the floor that holds the nucleus separate from the cytoplasm.Endoplasmic reticulum, there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum these are rough (moves protein do by ribosomes) and smooth(steroid and lipid distribution) but both move the materials around the cell.Ribosomes, these are responsible for protein production in the cell and are cognise as the protein factories of the cell. The protein is required for cell repair and growth.Golgi apparatus, These are cognise as the postal system of the cell they transport package and let proteins lipids and enzymes throughout the cells of th e body.(Class notes 2015)Mitochondria, Also known as the power house of the cell because they supply energy to the cell. Chemical reactions in the mitochondria are the difference with the cell surviving also the energy released results in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the primordial energy transporter in the cell.Lysosomes, clean the cell of waste generated through parts of the cell being bad and also clean the cell of bacteria. They also aid in the breakdown of food particles and then can be used for energy in the cell.Vacuoles, these are storage areas in the cell that contain secretions or waste that are made by the cytoplasm and in different types of cells are used for digestion or storage.Nucleolus, this is a tiny body inside the nucleus that directs the formation of ribosomes in the cell which then are stored in the cytoplasm of the cell.Part B(ii)Classify tissues into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice) here I will construct a table to outline the four main groups of tissues and give an example of each as I come across them.EpithelialConnectiveMuscleNervousSkinIntestinesInternal variety meatGlandsBoneCartilageAdiposeBloodSkeletal muscle (voluntary) self-possessed (involuntary)Cardiac (involuntaryBrainSpinal cordNervesExampleThe outer body is covered in epithelial skin this helps protect against transmittal keeping germs out and all of our derivation and muscle tissue on the inside. Outer skin on the body.This connects the bones to each other dimension them together while cartilage reduces friction between bones. The femur and the patella are connected to the tibia and fibula.This consists of muscle that can contract and relax and keeps the skeleton attached to the body. The heart is an involuntary muscle that beats to leave blood around the body.This type can transmit messages to the wittiness and from the heading to the rest of the body to warn of pain and for movement.(touching)Part B(iii) Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours?I will now explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours and their different effects on the body and how they affect us. Tumours are cells that escape from their normal function and multiply out of control. They then form a lump known as a growth or a tumour. (Class notes 2015)BenignA benign tumour is not crabby personous and does not opening cancer to the rest of the body it is an isolated growth usually grows in size and can put pressure on the area its increase in. The benign tumour can be dangerous if it grows on the brain although its not cancerous it can continue to grow in size and put pressure on the brain and lead to major problems.MalignantAll malignant tumours are cancerous and can lot through the body causing secondary tumours or metastases. Malignant tumours spread through the blood and lymphatic system around the body. Some malignant tum ours can spread very quickly and aggressively to other parts of the body even though the primary tumour whitethorn exempt be small while sometimes they can grow sluggish and not spread as quickly. Through research it has become clear that malignant brain tumours are the most aggressive and have the great power to spread to the spine and other parts of the body. Although malignant tumours are treatable by surgery to remove the tumour and also may require a follow up treatment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to rid the body of any longer cancerous cells malignant tumours can return.(nhs.uk 2015)Part C(ii)Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system?The function of the urinary system is to clean the body of waste products and excess fluid and to also give a hormone controlling at the rate red blood cells are made and the enzyme for regulation of blood pressure.StructureFunctionKidneyThe kidney is a bean shaped organ that we have two of containing around 1 million nephrons in each kidney They are around 11cm long and 6cm unsubtle weighing 150g. Kidneys are inside a membrane known as the nephritic capsule to protect it from trauma and infection. There are two main areas the renal cortex and the renal medulla.The function of the kidney is to clean and carry your blood to also recycle fluids and nutrients required by the body and produce urine for excretion.UreterThe ureter is around 12 inches long and connects kidneys to the bladder its made up of muscular tissue that contracts and also contains mucous to help frustrate infection.The function of the ureters is to carry the urine from the kidneys down to the bladder.BladderThe human bladder is a hollow sac for storing urine it is comprised of three layers of smooth muscle and also coated with a mucous membrane and located in the pelvic area.The bladders function is to store the urine. When the walls of the bladder contract this results in urination. The normal bladder can hold app rox. 470ml of urine. In the bladder we have an intragroup sphincter which relaxes voluntarily to expel urine.UrethraThis is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body.The function of the urethra is to carry the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body its longer in men than women.Part C(iii)Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine?Below I will draw the structure of the nephron and explain how the nephron produces urine to rid the body of waste fluids. We do not realise how important it is to dispel urine and how important it is to survive.Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons these are the filtration system for the body to clean the blood and expel waste and reabsorb nutrients.Filtration in the bowmans capsule.Blood travels into the kidneys by the afferent arterioles. These are small blood vessels that turn in to the glomerulus. Meshes of capillaries that are surrounded by the glomerular are also known as the Bowmans capsu le. The blood in these capillaries are under pressure and the capillary walls can let water and other materials through into the capsule. The capsule is a gathering load for the waste products of the blood. Although it has collected other materials that are not waste and shall be absorbed by the nephron as they pass through. (An front string to skeletal frame and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)Re-absorption in the convoluted tubule.When the filtered materials are collected by the capsule they move into a system of twisted tubes that are known as convoluted tubules. The tubes that flow away from the bowmans capsule are the proximal convoluted tubules. These flatten out to form a long loop, called the loop of Henle which flows to the medulla and back to the cortex. Lastly there is to a greater extent twists called the distal convoluted tubules This is where the reabsorption takes place in these tubules. The cells in the line drive can absorb any water, ions and water that the body requires and shouldnt be disposed of as waste.Only 1% of liquid that travels through the Bowmans capsule is expelled as urine all the rest is reabsorbed. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)Collection in the pelvic calycesThis is where the nephron flattens out into a straight collecting tube in the medulla. These tubes form a collection called the pyramids of the medulla the tops of these travel up to the renal pelvis. These branches of the pelvis attach to the tops of the pyramids and gather the waste liquid. Its the funnelled back towards the pelvis and then empties into the ureter and then can travel to the bladder and down to the urethra to be expelled as urine. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition).(iv)Name and explain three diseases /disorders which affect the urinary system?Kidney stonesThese are solid stones which are made up from deposits from substances that are found in urine. They form and are found in the renal pelvis, ureters and the bladder they are very raw(a) on the patient and sometimes require surgery for removal or can be broken down with laser treatment and then passed in the urine.IncontinenceThis is involuntary defecation or urination but mainly urination that is more than common in the elderly, pregnant women or women that have had babies. It is the involuntary leaking of urine and also happens from sneezing or coughing or sometimes the bladder may be full and you may not make it to the toilet in time. It is very embarrassing for the people who suffer with it.UrethritisThis is an inflammation of urethra and causes painful urination. This is the tube that carries the urine from the bladder to be expelled by the body. It is a bacterial infection and causes discomfort when urinating it can burn the sufferer when dispelling urine and it may cause discharge also. Though more common in women due to women having a shorter urethra than men.Bibliography( An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)(Class notes 2015)(clevelandclinic.org 2015)(healthline.com 2015)(nhs.uk 2015)(webmd.com 2015)

Politics Essays Making Democracy Work

Politics Essays make majority rule ingestion qualification country hitA Review of Robert Putnams making majority rule perishIntroductionSince its publication in 1993, Robert Putnams making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modern Italy has been hai direct for changing the way academics and policy-makers burn down the kindred between politics and society. Putnam accomplishes this feat not so much with his make arguments, exclusively with the innovative methodology he employs.Much attention has already been given to the way Putnam combines numeric and qualitative info in his explore he amalgamates numerical data on Italian institutional writ of execution and civil civilisation, with the path-dependent historical legacy that predates it. Similarly, much attention has to a fault been focussed on the introduction of social capital as a new-sprung(prenominal) multivariate worthy of social scientists consideration. Since these topics generate already been exhausted in re views as well as other literature connected to Putnams book, this show provide attempt to go a various route.This essay allow primarily argue that Putnam has successfully managed to combine twain a expression and authority-centered approach into a cohesive research design project. Firstly, the geomorphological approach is inherent in Putnams study ascribable to the so fart that he is attempting to fail why Italian regions with the same political social organisation perform differently. Secondly, using net study depth psychology, Putnams social capital and polite culture variables will be understood as being associate to agency and of affecting institutional cognitive process. Finally, the overall strengths and weakness that arise from corporate trust the two approaches in a research design project will be highlighted. Overall, despite several unavoidable limitations, in qualification Democracy Work Putnam shows that using a combined structuration approach is capa ble of pull together a fuller understanding of a finicky issue in this case, Italian institutional deed.The Study and the SettingIn 1970 the highly alter Italian government set-up identical regional governmental institutions in for each one of the countrys twenty regions. The experiment offered Robert Putnam and his colleagues a unique chance to analyze institutional slaying over time, and what precisely makes government work in a setting where national factors and institutional design argon held constant.Despite the fact that all the Italian regions got identical institutions, the performance of these institutions vary widely crosswise Italy. The discrepancy between the regions particularly between the northwest and the confederation led Putnam to believe that social context and history deeply condition the reariveness of institutions (Putnam, 182). Therefore, in the causal argument that Putnam puts forth in order to explain what affects institutional performance, ins titutions ar framed as both an independent and dependent variable. So to speak, even though institutions do perform politics, institutions themselves atomic number 18 shaped by social context and history. For this reason, Putnam considers yet other independent variable in his complex causal relationship polite culture.Putnams MethodologyBefore analyzing how structure and agency unite, and the way in which civic culture is measured in Making Democracy Work, it is worthwhile to take a look at the broader and overarching methodological backdrop on the grounds of which Robert Putnams study takes root.The setting for the study, as alluded to above, offered Robert Putnam and his colleagues the opportunity to come in on a twenty year voyage of inquiry their plectrum of vessel, a sub-national comparison. Certainly with the case of Italian institutional performance a sub-national paired comparison is sure to prove to a greater extent illuminating than a cross-national comparison b ecause one bunghole hold-constant for national context. That being said, it is necessary to take note that oft when one considers cultural, historical, economic and/or socioeconomic conditions, there will invariably be cases where greater variation exists within countries than does between them (Snyder, 96).The get a line of Italy provides a unique backdrop for Putnam to study institutional performance because many a(prenominal) factors are held constant, relatively speaking. Aside from holding institutional design constant, Italy is a far less divers(prenominal) country than say India or even Russia with regards to language, religion, ethnicity, class and caste. Though it might prove hard for Putnams methods to run low beyond a Western context and be directly applied, it should not be held against him or discredit his book by any means. practiced because the arguments might have obstacle traveling (and we should note that Putnams arguments in Making Democracy Work are the u nderpinnings of his second book bowl Alone The Collapse and Revival of the Ameri foot Community) does not mean that they should be judged negatively. After all, this is the precise purpose of a sub-national paired comparison to snap off theories or generalizations that one is unable to make through cross-national paired comparisons due to all the intervening variables that faecesnot be held constant.Furthermore, Making Democracy Work does not qualify merely as a sub-national paired comparison. Putnam really tests his arguments against a broad spectrum. In so doing, he avoids the common problem of endurance bias, and derivatively of false dichotomies. Putnam does not pick and choose the regions he incorporates in his study. Making Democracy Work is extensive in that it includes and considers all of the regions in Italy lively, and weighs them up against the same credo (where information permits).In each region Putnam interprets denary data on institutional performance and the n analyzes it alongside quantitative data regarding its civic culture. He then pushes the envelope by arrival far-beyond direct causal inference and into history. The historical qualitative data that Putnam accumulates, allows him, ostensibly, to seize the main factor that leads to variance in institutional performance in pairingern and Southern Italy social capital.Making Democracy Work benefits from diverse measurements the indicators used are wide-ranging, innovative, impressive, and provide for a superior demonstration of Putnams arguments. In fact, it is the combination of both the quantitative and qualitative data that invite Robert Putnam and Making Democracy Work the recognition of being simultaneously both a large-N and small-N sub-national comparison.Structural ForcesHaving laid out the methodological framework that Putnam has actual it is now possible to focus on the structuration approach that he incorporates. The bill of institutional performance the dependent variable is contingent to a certain(p) degree on a morphological summary.While all the regions in Italy are constrained by the same national structural baron the highly centralized government, the regions are also constrained by their experience historical legacies and the structures that have emerged from the past. In this sense, according to Putnam, the history of the North has polite an arena/structure much more conducive to proper institutional performance than has the South.Putnam chooses twelve indicators as evidence of institutional performance, or proficient government. These indicators include Cabinet stability, budget promptness, statistical and information services, domesticate legislation, legislative innovation, day care centers, family clinics, industrial policy instruments, agricultural disbursal capacity, local health unit expenditures, housing and urban development and bureaucratic responsiveness.Far from agency-centered, the conditions of these indicators are all determined by the structure in which they are situated. Essentially, the greater the influence of the structure, the more predictable the political behaviour is belike to be. Following Putnams path-dependent argument that historical legacies shape the structural forces (which come to light from such indicators), it is pregnant to then consider the genius of the historical legacies themselves. In Putnams view the historical legacies worth exploring are those of civic culture.Analyzing the Affects AgencyThe affects of agency on Italian institutional performance is not analyzed explicitly in Making Democracy Work. Putnam does not look at individual leaders, regional representatives, or even authoritative citizens in any of Italys diverse regions contemporarily nor historically. However, implicit in his explanation of civic culture, as the norms of reciprocity and net incomes of civic engagement (Putnam, 167) is an understanding of agency nonetheless. If agency is based on the actions and decisions of a iodine person, it mustiness also be based on the interactions and collective wills of many people.A horizontal-network analysis is an ideal approach to take when trying to understand the affects of agency in regional patterns of behavior. From a nominalist point of view the researcher must use a conceptual framework to define the boundaries of the network or who/what is and is not included in the research agenda.For his part, Putnam proposes four indicators in which one can find evidence of a civic culture these indicators include meshing in voluntary associations, newspaper readership, referenda turnout, and personalized p fictional character voting (or escape thereof). Even though groups like football clubs are internecinely varied and diverse, network analysis helps Putnam to disentangle the inherent complexity and to highlight the important aspects of functioning as a group.To the point of emphasis, the fact that Putnam also correlates t hese fair game measures with more opinion-based survey indicators of civic culture goes to show that Putnam is committed to incorporating the contribution of agency in his research design. Essentially, he moves from a nominalist to a more realist network analysis by focusing on the individuals. More specifically, Putnam shows that network boundaries are established based on the subjective perspectives of the network actors themselves. For this reason, the data in his research is based to large degree on surveys, questionnaires and interviews.The remainder between the North and the South of Italy therefore, can be expressed in the different types of networks they produce. Putnam considers all of the following the different types of networks that exist, the organization of the networks, and the individuals within the networks. Relating to the different types of networks, Putnam notices that the density of networks in the North is much greater than in the South. non only do more soc ial groups exist in the North, but membership in them is greater and the pattern of ties between the members is stronger. With regards to the networks organization, in the North there is a higher frequency of interaction, and a larger essence of emotional investment within the network. Lastly, as far as individuals are concerned, Putnam looks at subjective measures like trust, solidarity, personal closeness and ideological proximity to ultimately discern that in Northern Italy individuals are more likely to enter horizontal-networks and develop a more cohesive civic culture that fosters responsive government and higher institutional performance.Strengths and Weakness of StructurationIn a sense, Putnam has combined a structural and agency approach into a single research design. The structuration approach has several strength and weaknesses worth highlighting, particularly with reference to Making Democracy Work. Perhaps the major benefit of combining the analysis of structure and a gency in the case of Italian institutional performance is that Putnam is able to recognize and demonstrate the interplay between the two.Putnam shows how structures and agents are co-determining and mutually implicating. When assessing the causal relationship between civic culture and Italian institutional performance the case is made that the two entities are defined by their internal relationship, such that the two entities derive their meaning by their relationship and have no meaning or basis without the other. People produce the structure, and the structure in turn reproduces the people. So to speak, agents and structures are ontologically equal in Making Democracy Work.Inherit in this methodological approachs greatest strength is also its greatest weakness. One of the major problems with operationalizing the structuration approach is that it is often difficult to design a research strategy that can retrace valid causal inferences. As with the case of Making Democracy Work, th e difficulty in making inferences is determining whether something is a cause or an effect there has to be a starting point for an analysis.One of necessity has to choose a bottom-up or top-down approach treating any agent or structure as ontologically primitive. Robert Putnam, by discerning them ontologically equal has failed to choose a starting point for analysis. Instead of a stingy and simple linear causal relationship, Putnam points to vicious and virtuous circles that have led to contrasting, path dependent social equlibria (Putnam, 180). Good or bad institutional performance will further continue a history of safe(p) or bad civic culture. More so, the correlation between civic associations and social capital that Putnam professes is also circularWhile to think purely in terms of linear causation is to do injustice to the overall interconnectedness of the variables, the danger of thinking in terms of equilibria is that you develop a chicken or egg scenario. One begins to beg the question of where in history it is even out to pull off the line when studying Italian civic culture?Indeed, Putnams historical record has become the focus of right smart criticism from scholars. Sidney Tarrow, in Making fond science Work across Time and Space, contends that social scientists go to history with a surmise to prove, and do not objectively derive viable generalizations from history. History requires selection and choosing one must even choose where in history to draw the line before beginning a study. However, if a line can always be drawn back farther one must ask whether cases can really be isolable and independent at all.For example, can the case not be made that because the North of Italy colonised the South, that the problems of the South are really the problems of the North? Some critics say that it is raw for Putnam to displace the problem of poor institutional performance on the South and not to consider the possibility of contamination.However , Putnam can hardly be criticized for this everything can be understood as ex post facto something else. Irrespective of whether Putnam is right or wrong on where in history he draws his line, Making Democracy Work should be hailed for its attempt to regardless of its actual success at combining quantitative and qualitative data, and structure and agency, in creating a complex causal relationship.ConclusionIn Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Robert Putnam has successfully managed to unite both a large-N and small-N sub-national comparison into a single model of inquiry. Equally as impressive, he has successfully managed to combine both a structure and agency-centered approach into a cohesive research design project. Putnam uses a structural approach to analyze his dependent variable political institutions, and an agency-centered approach to analyze an independent variable that has an affect on the development of political institutions and their efficacy c ivic culture.In so doing, Putnam manages to turn political institutions into an independent variable too, highlighting the interconnectedness of the two variables. Due to this interconnected circular nature of Putnams argument, Putnams study of Italian institutional performance, though both descriptive and predictive, lacks persuade prescriptive capabilities. Nevertheless, despite its prescriptive shortcomings, Putnam shows that using a combined structuration approach is capable of harvesting a fuller understanding of a particular issue in this case, Italian institutional performance. industrial plant CitedPutnam, Robert D. Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modern Italy(Princeton Princeton University Press, 1993).Snyder, Richard. Scaling Down The Subnational relative Method, Studies in Comparative International Development 261 (Spring 2001), pp. 93-110.Works ConsultedDwainpayan, Bhattacharyya, et al. (eds.) Interrogating Social Capital The Indian Experience. (New Delhi Sa ge Publications, 2004).Furlong, Paul. Review of Robert Putnams Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, International affairs 70 (January 1994), pp. 172.Kwon, Hyeong-Ki. Associations, Civic Norms, and Democracy Revisiting the Italian Case, Theory and Society 33 (2004), pp. 135-166.Levi, Margaret. Social and Unsocial Capital A Review Essay of Robert Putnams Making Democracy Work, Politics and Society24 (March 1996), pp. 45-55.Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York Simon and Schuster, 2000).Sabetti, Filippo. Path Dependency and Civic Culture Some Lessons from Italy intimately Interpreting Social Experiments, Politics and Society 24 (March 1996), pp. 19-44.Tarrow, Sidney. Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time A minute Reflection on Robert Putnams Making Democracy Work, American Political Science Review 90 (June 1996), pp. 389-397.

The background and role of inventory in accounting

The background and role of pedigree in historyIntroduction world(prenominal)ist write up standard No.2 (IAS2) Inventory gives the rules which should be followed during the enter and submitation of inventory. Inventory refers to goods which be held by a firm for sale, argon in the production process or atomic number 18 materials which will be consumed in the production process or in giving prohibited of services. This standard does non apply to financial instruments and it gives pop a road map on how to measure an as banding which is categorized as an inventory, which concept pull in of the terms and at what term an spending occurs and the information that should be let out eyepatch preparing the financial statements (International bill Standards Board, 2008, p.977).HistoryIn the year 1974 during the write of standard, the name was changed to inventories from valuation and face upation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical follow System the first draft was affected on 1st of January in the year 1995 and this was 21 years after the first draft exposure. On 18th of December 2003, the standard was revised and took effect as from the strart of January 2005. In the year 2003, on that point was a revised IAS 2 whereby polar price formulas for inventories were incorporated into the standard. These were superseded from coif 1 on consistency.On December 1997, SIC 1 was issued and was effective as from 1st January 1999. sic 1 involve that that the aforesaid(prenominal) cost formula was to be used for inventories with the same characteristics chthonic IAS 2.21 AND IAS 2.23. in that case, different methods may be used where inventory items were different from different(a) groups (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.978).SIC stands for Standing International Committee (SIC), and it was renamed to International Financial Reporting Issues Committee (IFRIC). some of the issues in SIC were not added in IFRICs Agenda. This are as followsIAS 2 Cash DiscountsThe question was whether money discounts received should be subtracted from the cost of goods purchased. A decision was made in august of the year t 2002 that they should not be added. The reason accustomed by IFRIC was that paragraph 8 of IAS 2 provided enough guidance and hencely it was not necessary to publish on the interpretation on the issue.IAS 2 Consumption of inventories by service organizationsThe problem was on how to treat utmost realizable value when the inventory is consumed as part of the service rendered. A decision was made in the march of 2004 that it should not be added. It was notable that it existed for commercial bodies. It was thus concluded that the matter involved the recoverability of an as bewilder which did not have a direct cash flow.IAS 2 Discounts and rebatesIn this part, trine questions were considered, first, should the discount received for prompt payment of invoice be reduce from the cost of the inventories or seen as financing income? Second, should all other rebates be reduced from the cost of inventories or treat some of them as revenue enhancement or diminution in promotional expenses, lastly, if volume rebates should be addicted a recognition only when threshold volumes are achieved. The decision arrived at on November 2004 was not to add.Objective of IAS 2IAS 2 has the objective of of prescribing how inventories should be treated in explanation. It provides a guideline on how to look for the cost of inventories and how to recognize an expense including all depreciation to pay realizable value. It provides the formulas that should be used to assign costs to inventories. The conclusion is that, inventories should be measured at the dismantle between net realizable value and cost (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80). bring in realizable value refers to the estimated selling price in the course of sane business less the costs estimate for completing and the estimated cos ts mandatory to finish the selling activity. The cost of inventory on the other flip over shall comprise of all the costs of purchase, conversion in addition to other costs which are incurred in making the conditions to be in their present condition and into their present location.The standards require that the first in first out method is used in assigning the cost of inventories or the dull average method. The same cost formula should be used by a firm for all similar stock and stock that has the same use to the firm. Where the inventories top executive have different use or are of different nature, different cost formulas loafer be used (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80).Where inventory is sold, the expenses incurred during the sale of the inventory shall be seen as an expense in that stream when the expense occurred. Amount realized from any reversal of a expense in inventories coming up from a rise in net realizable value shall be treated as a reducing in add of in ventories recognized as an expense in the time or period when that reversal took place.RationaleThe rationale for IAS 2 is to realise that accounting for inventories is done in a manner which leads to the representation of the square value of the available inventory. It ensures that frequent research is done on how to present inventory in the financial statements.Measurement, presentation and disclosure details on that point are several items which need to be disclosed in the financial statements concerning inventory. One of the items that need to be disclosed embroils the accounting policies that were leaseed while giving value to the inventories. This includes the formula used to value the stock. In other words, the financial encompass should state whether first-in, first-out method was used or dull average method was used. Secondly, the reports should show the total carrying amount for the inventories and they should be put option into a classification which the entity feel s fit. Thirdly, the carrying amount for the inventories that may be accounted for basing on their logical value minus the sale costs should also be clear shown by the financial statement.The fourth thing that should be disclosed is the direct of inventories recognized as an expense in that certain period. Following this, the aim of inventory write-downs which might have been seen as an expense in the financial period should be shown. After this, the level of reversals for the previous value write-downs which may have been achieved as a reduction in the amount of the expense on account of the periods inventories. The activities which led to reversal should also be listed and finally, the carrying amount of inventories used as security for debt payment should also be shown (Barry and Eva, 2008, p.27). proportion with US GAAP (inventory)As suggested, IAS is an initioal for International Accounting Standards and it represents a set of accounting standards which are set by the inter national Accounting standards citizens committee (IASC) which is in London, England. IASC has several bodies with the main one being the international Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IASB is responsible for setting standards for IASC. On the other hand, GAAP is an acronomy for chiefly Accepted Accounting Principles. IASC is not responsible for setting GAAP and it thus does not have any legal authority over it. IASC can be thus be seen as an influential body which makes accounting rules. Many people listen to what IASB and IASC say on accounting matters (Barry, Nach, and Bragg, 2009, p.1337).When an accounting rule is set by IASB, several countries consider the rule and adopt it into its accounting system. The rules thus will eventually influence of what each rural adopts as its GAAP. To understand what GAAP is better, we can say that it is a set of rules which accountants follow in their countries as each country has its own GAAP. in that respect are however not much differen ces in GAAP between countries although their interpretations may vary between different countries. In the United States, there is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and this make up the rules which eventually rick GAAP for the country.Example from annual reportsAn example of an annual report which shows the usage of IAS 2 inventory is shown in the appendix. The report shows the consolidated financial statements for prestigiousness Brands Holdings, Inc. which is a distributor and marketer of brand name through the restitution drug, personal and household products which are sold through Canada, U.S. and other international markets.DiscussionIn the consolidated financial statements for the mentioned company, the first requirement for the IAS 2 has been met whereby the accounting policy that was used has been mentioned The reports states that the inventories have been stated at the lower of between the fair value and cost. The report has gone further to mention that th e first-in, first-out method was used in valuing the inventory. The reports have explained that the company provides allowance for the goods which are slow moving and inventory which has become obsolete through the reduction of inventory for fall in value due to the obsolescence of products, damage and any other issues which might be affecting the marketability, equal to the difference that might exists between the cost of the inventory and its market value.Another thing that the report discloses is the factors which have been utilized in the determination of estimated market value and they include current sales data and historical return rates, the estimates for demand in future, the competitive pricing pressures, introduction of new production, expiration dates of products and obsolescence of components and packaging.

Fighting Pharmacists, Fulfilling the Prescription Essay -- Morning Aft

Fighting Pharmacists, Fulfilling the PrescriptionIn recent days there has been an influx of women receiving prescriptions for the postcoital pill (PCP) also get byn as the morning-after pill, picture B, and a form of emergency contraceptive method. Some pharmacists, however, are exercising their upright not to fulfill patients prescription, based primarily on their personalized values and morals. Amidst the negative overtones, women continue to take the morning-after pill in an effort to maintain their rights. Timely access to emergency contraception is slender therefore any delay the woman might experience in front taking the medication is unacceptable and places an undue burden on the woman, verbalize Patricia Conner, Emergency Contraception Campaign Organizer for Planned Parenthood union of Massachusetts. The morning-after pill is the most common type of emergency contraception,and has become genuinely widely used since being made available over the antagonistic inthe United States. PCP do-nothing be taken any clipping up to 72 hours after unprotected sex.There are two types of PCP. The older type of PCP, which is no longer available, contained a combination of estrogen and progesterone. In order to produce the desired results it had to be taken in two doses, 12 hours apart. In February of 2000, the new PCP called Levonelle-2 was introduced. Levonelle-2 contains progesterone, and has been proven to be more in effect(p) than the old type of PCP. The new PCP can be taken in two doses at the same time, and manages to pass lieu effects that are associated with the older form of PCP. Common side effects associated with the PCP pill include nausea, vomiting, lower abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, front tenderness, and menstrual changes. According ... ... nurse. The nurse counsels on long-term birth concur options and STD testing. Stress is given that long-term birth control is more effective in preventing pregnancy than emergency contracept ive is, and that emergency contraceptive does not protect against STDs. For years many have debated abortions, and distribution of emergency contraception is steadily taken president. Many ask themselves if it is appropriate for pharmacists to allow their personal opinion to be inflicted upon their customers. While others are content to believe that pharmacists are wrong, and that much of their decision-making, concerning emergency contraception, is based entirely on a overleap of knowledge and understanding. The morning-after pill saved me from myself. Without it I dont know where I would be. It will be interesting to see what will overhaul next in this debate, says Reese.

The Significance of Music in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essays

The Significance of Music in Arthur millers finis of a Salesman valet emotions ar something that we seldom find a way to express clear from straightforward hand gestures, to a disgusted face. To understand his novel much thoroughly, Arthur Miller uses the most understandable method of comprehension, music, to express the emotions of the characters in his assemble, Death of a Salesman. The characters, Willy, Linda, Biff, Happy, and Ben, have a certain style of music and instruments line drawing them to provide the reader what type of emotional person they are. The beginning of the play starts with a soft, sweet, transverse flute variety that announces Willys gradual trek station from Yonkers. This slake production line of confusion ends abruptly as Willy comes home and tells of his troubles in Yonkers. This mushy sound is heard once more during Bens offshoot levy to Willys house. His story of father and his flute-making business sets a solid sound only to be wreck ed by Bens march of throwing Biff, a young, curious boy, to the ground, helplessly. The final performance of this tune is heard at Willys miserable funeral, where Linda pays her respects to her well-liked husband. Ending on a sad none, the flute appears in time of odd emotions. In the beginning of the play, a relegate of confu... ...illys funeral. Starting out a bit cheerful, the tune fades from a major key to a minor key, hence termination from a merry sound to one of sadness and desperation, yet a respectable sound for a well-deserved tribute. Willy was a mislead salesman. He precious the trounce for his boys. Joyous songs al shipway backed up these times. But when his inclination for the outdo turned into the worst, an unpleasant song backed it up. When Willy was confused, a medley of the cardinal was heard. Human emotions are something we all take for granted because they are not properly understood. Music is just one of the many ways that volition make these emotio ns understandable. The Significance of Music in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman EssaysThe Significance of Music in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Human emotions are something that we seldom find a way to express clearly from simple hand gestures, to a disgusted face. To understand his novel more thoroughly, Arthur Miller uses the most understandable method of comprehension, music, to express the emotions of the characters in his play, Death of a Salesman. The characters, Willy, Linda, Biff, Happy, and Ben, have a certain style of music and instruments portraying them to show the reader what type of emotional person they are. The beginning of the play starts with a soft, sweet, flute medley that announces Willys gradual trek home from Yonkers. This slow tune of confusion ends abruptly as Willy comes home and tells of his troubles in Yonkers. This sentimental sound is heard once more during Bens first visit to Willys house. His story of father and his flute-mak ing business sets a warm tone only to be wrecked by Bens action of throwing Biff, a young, curious boy, to the ground, helplessly. The final performance of this tune is heard at Willys sad funeral, where Linda pays her respects to her well-liked husband. Ending on a sad note, the flute appears in time of odd emotions. In the beginning of the play, a state of confu... ...illys funeral. Starting out a bit cheerful, the tune fades from a major key to a minor key, hence going from a merry sound to one of sadness and desperation, yet a good sound for a well-deserved tribute. Willy was a mislead salesman. He wanted the best for his boys. Joyous songs always backed up these times. But when his craving for the best turned into the worst, an unpleasant song backed it up. When Willy was confused, a medley of the two was heard. Human emotions are something we all take for granted because they are not properly understood. Music is just one of the many ways that will make these emotions unders tandable.

An Annotation of Wallace Stevens Of Modern Poetry Essay -- Wallace St

An An nonation of Wallace Stevens Of Modern PoetryIn Of Modern Poetry, Stevens describes the purpose of modern poetry given what the earreach knows and values. Modern poetry must(prenominal) be different from traditional poetry, because pot of his time perceive themselves and their dry land differently than the people of earlier times. Stevens suggests that war, like other changes, have modify what people believe. Poetry must reflect to its audience what they want to hear. It must show them that the order, meaning and value they need is real, in so a great deal as their minds both need it and can create it.OF MODERN verseThe poem of the mind in the coiffe of distinguishingWhat will suffice. It has not always hadTo find the scene was set it repeated whatWas in the script. hence the theatre was changedTo something else. Its past was a souvenir.It has to be living, to learn the speech of the place.It has to grimace the men of the time and to meetThe women of the time. It has to think about warAnd it has to find what will suffice. It hasTo construct a new represent. It has to be on that stageAnd, like an insatiable actor, slowly andWith meditation, speak words that in the ear,In the delicatest ear of the mind, repeat,Exactly, that which it wants to hear, at the soundOf which, an invisible audience listens,Not to the play, save to itself, expressedIn an emotion as of twain people, as of twoEmotions becoming one. The actor isA metaphysician in the dark, twangingAn instrument, twanging a wiry imbibe that givesSounds passing through sudden rightnesses, whollyContaining the mind, below which it cannot descend,Beyond which it has no will to rise.It mustBe the finding of a satisfaction, and mayBe of a man s... ...resent in his poem all specific examples. Therefore, it is provoke to notice that he finds women as representative of humanity as men. Again, this reflects the beliefs of people of his time -- social roles of men and women and social propriety o f the past were not held by modern people. Poets must recognize this change and reflect the sensibilities of their audiences.The audience of modern poetry should be the mind, the contents of modern poetry should be from the mind, and the source of modern poetry is the mind of the poet. Humans can act on their ability to create a new conceptual and ethnical play derived from values and truths of their minds. Writing modern poetry, likewise is poets acting on their ability to create from the mind and respond to people who have learned to look to themselves for order and meaning. Thus, the poem is of the act of the mind.

Thomas Cook Tour Operation UK Ltd :: Business and Management Studies

doubting doubting Thomas hedge Tour Operation UK LtdIntroductionThomas desex Tour Operation UK Ltd is the third largest travel groupoperating in the UK travel industry, owning its own traveldistribution channels, tour carrying out and airline. The companybelieves that they give birth earned their position through consumerrecognition for their woodland and expertise in providing packageholidays.The instability of the securities industry caused by mettlesome sensitivity to economicchange and the intangible and perishable nature of the products sold,forces companies competing at heart the travel industry to constantlyseek modernistic and imaginative slipway to create demand and maintain orstrengthen their position. A compounding of economic downturn, a lackof consumer confidence, natural disasters and the effects of terrorismhave had a major impact on the performance of Thomas Cook Touroperations. In this report I will analyze the merchandising strategiesused by the company a nd discuss the effectiveness in achieving theirobjectives. companionshipThe tragic events of September 11th 2001 had a devastating affect onindustries throughout the creative activity. The travel and tourism industryhowever was hit the hardest. increase fear amongst consumers afraidto fly and a downturn in the world economy caused a drastic decline inthe demand for both business and leisure travel causing passengernumbers to plummet. Thomas Cook tour Operations, like its competitorsexperienced high scratch losses as a result of falling passengernumbers, added pledge costs, falls in their share prices andincreased insurance premiums in which occurred I the aftermath.Prior to September 11th the travel industry experienced a dynamicgrowth between 1995 to 2001. During 2001 20.6 million package holidayswere sold to the British Consumer, 1 growth of 2.6%. However thedeterioration of the industrys succeeder came immediately after theterrorism attacks. Thomas Cook Tour Operations were a s a result forcedto develop a new strategy in order to save their rapidly fallingprofits.In order to develop their new strategy, the company carried out a fig upanalysis. This is a technique that involves identifying a companysstrengths and weaknesses in the business, the opportunities presentedby the trading environment and any threats opposing the company. Thebelow information is adapted from the Thomas Cook Tour OperationsChief executive Update.Strengthsexistent percentage market shareThomas Cook reputation live Thomas Cook image and brand recognitionHigh train of awareness within target marketKnowledge and experience of market trendsLarge number of distribution channelsGood product transformationWeaknessesHoliday Essential brand not well established and relatively low demandfor the product.Confusion and lack of identification of other Thomas Cook brands e.g.JMC and holiday essentials.High volume costsHigh great(p) expenditure, i.e. marketing expenses, data processingcosts and human resources, e.g. staff employee turnoverOver capacityExcessive fixed assets i.

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers fc

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare is an extraordinary poet and playwright. His works express all emotions and meanings. As you lead read, you will explore the life and times of Shakespeare. You will learn about his successes and his struggles. William Shakespeare was a magnificent asset to the world. In Stratford, Avon in Warwickshire on April 23, 1564, a invention was born. His name was William Shakespeare. He was baptized in the Holy Trinity perform three days later. Shakespeare also died in Stratford on April 23, 1616. Shakespeares father, magic Shakespeare, was a leather merchant when he married Mary Arden, an heritor of farmland. William Shakespeare was one of eight children. John Shakespeare later became a member of the city council and a respected bailiff. Due to his respectable position, John Shakespeare was given take over tuition for his son, William to attend a Stratford grammar give lessons. At the age of six, William Shakespeare began his education at school where he was involved in small parts of the school plays. In school, his strongest subjects were astrology, medicine, and law. Although Shakespeare did not attend a university, he had great association of Latin and Classical Greek. As a boy, he also lettered many things from places other than school. Shakespeare enjoyed the woods, fields, birds, insects, and small animals. Later, he was fond of outdoor sports such as, hunting, hawking, and fishing. At the age of eighteen, on November 28, 1582, William Shakespeare married twenty-six-year-old, Anne Hathaway. Their first child, Susanna, was born in 1583. Two long time later in 1585, twins, Hamnet and Judith were born. Sadly, Hamnet died at the age of cardinal on August 11, 1596.Shakespeares excitement for poaching caused him great trouble. In about 1584, he was caught hunting on Sir Thomas Lucys land. Because of this trouble, he was forced to leave his hometown and move to London. In 1592, at twenty-eight years old, Shakespeare wa s recognized as an actor and playwright, as well as beingness mentioned in another mans book for the first time. In his book, Robert Greene, a playwright, accused Shakespeare of borrowing other peoples work. During the purpose of 1592 to 1594, when London theaters were closed, Shakespeare wrote his earliest sonnets and poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. Shakespeares puerility friend, Richard Field, printed both poems.Until 1598, William Shakespeares theater work was done in a district, northeast of London in the parish of Shoreditch.

Study of Genotype X Environment Intraction in Asiatic Cotton Gossypium

cotton plant fiber is known as White Gold. Gossypium arboreum belongs to family Malvaecae with diploid band of genome have 13 chromosome number. Genotype environment (GE) fundamental interactions have major fictitious character in teaching of improved cultivars. A cultivar is said to be commercially thriving, if it performs well across the range of environments in which it grows. The differential response of a genotype or cultivar for a given trait across environments is outlined as the genotype environment interaction (G E). Bilbro and Ray (1976) indicated that a successful breeding program should focus efforts on genotype yield train (average yield compared to standards), adaptation (what environment does the genotype best perform in), and perceptual constancy (how consistent does the genotype yield compared to others). Genotype refers to the set of genes possessed by individual that is important for the manifestation of traits under investigation. The environment is d efined as all non-genetic factors that influence the expression of the trait and influence the growth and development of individuals. G E interaction is a differential genotypic expression across environments (Basford and Cooper, 1998). According to Romagosa and Fox (1993), G x E interaction reduces association amidst phenotypic and genotypic values of a genotype. This whitethorn cause promising selections from one environment to perform poorly in one and better in another environment, forcing plant breeders to examine genotypic adaptation (Sharma et al., 1987).Varieties are tested in many environments due to ever-changing their performance and adaptation ability. However, important G E interactions decreases relationship between phenotype and genotype and also genetics improvements in breeding programmes (Comst... ... (1963) Genotype x environment interactions statistical genetics and plant breeding. Eds. Hanson, W. D. and Robinson H. F. study Academy of Science, National Rese arch Council Publication, 982 164-196.Eberhart, S A and Russell R A (1966) Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Science, 6 36-40. Lukonge E P (2005) Characterisation and diallel analysis of commercially planted cotton (Gossypium hirsutum l.) germplasm in Tanzania. Phd Thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South AfricaMyers G O (2004) Estimation of potential breeding value and genotype stability of cotton strains and varieties. http//www.cottoninc.com.Romagosa I and Fox, P N (1993) Genotype x environmental interaction and adaptation. In M.D Hayward, N.O. Bosemark and I. Romagosa (Eds.), Plant breeding Principles and Prospects pp 373-390. Chapman and Hall, London.

Understanding Non-Verbal Communication :: Papers Body Language Tone Voice Verbal

In its most basic form, communicating involves a sender who takes his or her thoughts and encodes them into vocal and non-verbal messages that atomic number 18 sent to a receiver. The receiver than decodes the messages and attempts to understand what the sender meant to colloquy. The chat is completed when the receiver transmits verbal and nonverbal feed back to aim his or her reception and understanding of the message. This process takes place within a context also know as rhetorical function, which includes every last(predicate) that affects the talk process such as the sender-receivers culture, the sender-receivers relationship, the circumstances adjoin the sender-receivers interaction, and the physical environment of the interaction. Because the basic communication process is the analogous in every situation, there are some similarities across all types of interactions. Just the same, each(prenominal) interaction remains distinct and therefore each rhetorical situation will be different. For example, think about how you transport with another person in the library and at a company. In both cases, you are sending messages and reacting to feedback. But the rhetorical situation of the library means that you will be speaking in whispers, whereas at the digressy you will be speaking much louder and with more animated gestures. If you were to substitute mode, whispering at the party and yelling at the library, then, your communication style will be ineffective to day the least. In both situations, you are engaging in the same communication process, but the rhetorical situation requires you to act different ways. Verbal communication is simply using communicate language to convey a message to other people. However, nonverbal communication is far more complicated, it contains the use of object, body language, actions and symbols to show meaning to people. In fact, its not easy to def ine non-verbal communication, because experts disagree about whether number unintended action as nonverbal communication. (http//maine.maine.edu/zubrick/tren5.html, 28/4/2005) Non-verbal communication is deceptively important in how we express ourselves , and it plays a huge part in childs development into

Does Concentrated Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster? :: Science Experiments Reaction Rates Essays

Does Concent considerd Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster?PlanI am going to carry out a reaction between atomic number 12 ribbon andHydrochloric acidulent. The aim of this investigation is to work out whichreacts sportinger, concent grazed acid or diluted acid. I will judge if thereaction is fast or slow by observing the bubbles which occur duringthe reaction and excessively observe if the magnesium has disappeargond. Onlythe concentration of the acid will be changed - the atomic number 12 is asolid.Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium Chloride + HydrogenMg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl(aq) + H2 (g)thither are four main factors which may affect rate of reaction. Theseare -1. Concentration2. Temperature3. Catalyst4. Surface areaCONCENTRATION- if the concentration of the acid is increased, the rategoes faster. In a concentrated acid there are more(prenominal) particles in itthis essence that there is a more obtain of prosperous collisionsoccurring. If the acid was diluted, there are not legion(predicate) acid particles,which means that there is not much chance of an acid particle hittinga magnesium atom. At the start, there are plenty of Magnesium atomsand acid particles but they get use up during successful collisions.After, a time there a fewer Magnesium atoms and the acid is slightconcentrated so the reaction slows down. This graph shows this -volume of hydrogen quantify Diluted Acid Concentrated Acid= Acid particle = pissing scintilla = MagnesiumatomTEMPERATURE - at low temperatures the particles of reacting substancesdont have enough energy. So if the substances were het up(p) this wouldmean the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster andcollide smartly very often. Also making more successful collisions.Therefore the rate of reaction increases.CATALYST - using a catalyst can recreate up reactions. If there is acatalyst in the reaction therefore the collision needs little energy in orderto be successful. This results into more collisions becomingsuccessful, so the reaction goes faster, catalysts are very strategicin industry. Reactions are speeded up at low temperatures, which meansless fuel is needed so money is saved.SURFACE AREA - if the Magnesium had a large surface area the atoms inthe outer mold will only collide with the acid particles but if themetal was powdered, many more atoms are exposed, so there is a greaterchance of successful collisions.Concentrated Acid = Acid particle = water molecule = Magnesium atomCOLLISION THEORYThe Collision Theory is used to predict the rate of reaction. TheTheory is based on the fact that for a reaction to take place, it is

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay -- community college,

In the past several years, there has been a ripening trend in the number of college-bound individuals getting two-year degrees from community colleges or earning certification for their desired career field at vocational schools. much(prenominal)(prenominal) schools certainly seem to have some valuable qualities all hyperbolize of having lower costs than other colleges, of their absence of student loans, of allowing people to control more money quicker, of being narrowly focused so students fathert have to take classes they dont need. They attempt to come out out apparent weaknesses in liberal humanistic discipline colleges as well, claiming that such an education is unnecessary in todays world. However, for every source to go to a community or two-year college, a vocational track, or an apprenticeship, there is another, stronger reason for going to a traditional, four-year college, and the liberal arts degree gained at four year colleges far outstrips the degree gained at a two year school or through a vocational track. Community colleges and vocational tracks are not wrong active the high cost of traditional higher education. According to the U.S. Department of studys National Center for Education Statistics, one year at a public, four-year institution costs upwards of $23,000 on average, while tete-a-tete institutions leave cost nearly $10,000 more on average. Coupled with the situation that prices at public institutions go 42 percent and private institutions rose 31 percent between 2001 and 2011, its not a wallop that parents and students alike worry about paying for college. However, this wont of all time be the case, as this rise in prices simply cannot continue the counseling it has. Eventually, people will be unable to pay the price that colleges charge. They will either settle for com... ...Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. second ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 179-189. Print.Murray, Charles. Are Too umpteen People Going to College? They Say/I Say The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 222-242. Print.Ungar, Sanford J. The New Liberal Arts. They Say/I Say The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 190-197. Print.Wallace, David Foster. Kenyon runner Speech. They Say/I Say The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 198-210. Print.Wilson, Robin. A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely. They Say/I Say The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 256-273. Print.

Europes Largest Minority Essay -- essays research papers

     The Romani stack of europium atomic number 18 often referred to as "Gypsies". panorama they prefer to be called Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs. The "Gypsies" gained at that place widely cognise name due to the fact that when they first arrived in europium people believed that they had migrated from Egypt. Even after this was found to be untrue that name stuck to this nonage group.          Because recorded history of the "Gypsies" prior to their first documented appearances in Europe in the early 15th century is non-existent, at that place has been much struggle as to their origins and early migration. Based on linguistic evidence, it is believed that the modern day "Gypsies" of the Middle East, Europe, Asia, as well as the Americas, orig inated in Northwestern India. in that respect is also a general agreement regarding the approximate timing of their immigration. It is believed that the pouch of their immigration was during the 11th century, and took place in three major(ip) trips.           though this bombastic group of people set around been living in Europe for over ten centuries they are sleek over not treated as equals to this day. The exact number of "gypsies" who live in Europe is unknown and guesses are inaccurate due to their nomadic life style. What is known is that population of "gypsies" is a large one that makes them the largest minority living in Europe.           Though large in population they are also largely discriminated against. This discrimination dates sand almost ,if not to the of there arrival in Europe. Throughout the centuries they have faced discrimination in many different forms, for a anatomy of reasons. Also there have been quite a few major outbreaks of intense discrimination that took place in different areas throughout Europe.     During gothic convictions rumors where spread that the "Gypsies" were descended from a sexual encounter between a "Gypsies" woman and Satan. Christians believed that a conspiracy of blacksmiths, wizards and women had been organized to attack... ...ing and placement system for the "Gypsies". These placements and homework will helps them to find transactions This is extremely helpful because finding a job can be a extreme challenge to them on there own, due to there lack of training and the widespread belief/ stamp that they are thieves and cheats.     The "Gypsies" are a group of people with an extremely full culture. There performances at festivals and such attract many tourists who find there life styles unique and interesting. The reason this minority g roup is discriminated against so atrociously is not due to being a bad group of people, exclusively a misunderstood group of people. Throughout European society and time there had been and still is a serve lack of understanding about the "Gypsies" which has lead to all the discrimination they have faced and are still facing today. When most people think of "Gypsies" they think of the stereotype "gipsy", a nomad, a thief, and uneducated. Though finding schools for "Gypsies" can be tall(prenominal) there are "Gypsy" children that attend school. Only a minuet percent of the "Gypsies" are nomatic.

John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath :: essays research papers

Grapes of rageAuthor John Steinbeck, Robert Demott (Introduction).Penguin USA New York.Reissued Edition (Oct. 1992).619 Pages.            Kearney 1The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions on a lower floor which the migratory farming families of America during the 1930s lived, through a personal attempt and heavy symbolism. The novel tells of one familys migration west to California through the broad economic depression of the 1930s. The bank took possession of their land because the owners could not fix off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with moving to California, and how they survive the cruelty of the landowners that took advantage of them, their poverty, and willingness to work. The Grapes of Wrath combines Steinbecks adoration of the land, his passionate hat cherry-red for corruption resulting from materialism (money), and his perpetual faith in the common pe ople to overcome the irrelevant environment. As it opens with a retaining picture of nature on rampage, the novel shows the men and women that be unbroken by nature. The theme is that of a man verses a hostile environment. His body may be destroyed, but his spirit is not broken. The manner used to develop the theme of the novel is through the use of symbolism. at that place be several uses of symbols in the novel from the turtle at the stock to the rain at the end. As each symbol is presented, examples of the good and the badness things that exist within the novel are shown. The opening chapter paints a magnificent picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described as practical application everything, smothering the animateness out of anything that wants to grow. The constellate is symbolic of the erosion of the lives of the people. The dust is synonymous with "deadness", as Steinbeck puts it.. The land is a ruined persona l manner of life (farming), people                                                   Kearney 2uprooted and forced to leave. Secondly, the dust stands for profiteering banks in the scene that squeeze the life out the land as the people are actually forced from their land. The soil, or the people (farmers), have been drained of life and are exploited The last rain fell on the red and gray country of Oklahoma in early May. The weeds became gruesome green to protect themselves from the suns unyielding rays. The wind grew stronger, uprooting the weakened corn, and the air became so filled with dust that the

Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

William Shakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfective aspect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a sad gun. A tragic adept who, because of a damage, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless shooter. It is through Shakespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and affectionate expectations of the ordinal century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhanced even more(prenominal) when the characters around him influence his decisions, creating havoc inside his mind and disorder passim Scotland. Shakespeare positions his audience to respond to the central theme the struggle between sizeable and immoral, by illustrating to the audience his weaknesses, which through the guidance of the supernatural, leads to murder and mayhem and last madness. It is this influence of the supernatural that leads to Macbeths tragic persona and in squirm his physical and mental destruction. Shakespeare utilises these techniques to embody in Macbeth characteristics indicative of that of a seventeenth century tragic hero.Aristotle described the Greek image of the tragic hero as one who takes part in a fictional throwaway of a set of events that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude. (The Poetics) Macbeth conforms to the image of the tragic hero by possessing a flaw and dying because if it. His flaw of cosmos led too easily is evident through the actions of characters who influence Macbeth. Macbeth is pertain in a story intertwined with evil, disorder, conflict and failure all resulting finally in his death. Part of being a tragic hero is possessing a flaw. A flaw which will inevitably lead to self-destruction the repay of the tragic hero. In the play, the central protagonist Macbeth, is confronted with the supernatural and the prophesy of seemly king. He cannot help but want this position, as this flaw in ad dition includes his weakness through over ambition. It is generally said that those possessing a flaw will die. The first Thane of Cawdor was a traitor, Duncan was too trusting, Banquo did not act on the knowledge he had about Macbeths murders, Lady Macbeth helped plot the murder of Duncan, and Macbeth destroyed the natural order and harmony of the time. All of these deaths are a result of Macbeths over ambition to become king, fuelled by the prophecies of the evil witches. Like Macbeth, a tragic hero has choices, a conscience of by rights from wrong and in the end must die, because to live would create mayhem and a feeling that his actions were justified.

Itchoua Essay -- English Literature Essays

ItchouaIn the story of The Three Skeleton Key written by George G. Toudouze it shows many petrifying experiences happening to the characters. Itchoua is a brave, strong Basque who visited an island fair(a) off the coast of Guiana for a couple of months. During his visit on the island, Itchoua and his friends set about many dangers and took life threatening risks. He shows many character traits of valor with his physical description, personality and his actions toward many things. During his act of bravery, he went through many obstacles and hardships magical spell battling the rats. He is a very heroic fighter aircraft because of what he thinks, says and does in the story of Three Skeleton Key. All the risks Itchoua took while going through danger shows hes brave by his personality, physical description and his actions. Firstly, Itchoua is a brave veteran who overcame many terrify experiences while fighting with many vicious rats. Throughout the story, Itchoua proved that he w as brave by putting his life at risk for the synthetic rubber of his friends, persevered even though he was unconsicous and that he has characteristics of a leader. When the chief cried, Itchoua ran without delay not thinking at all and went to help his friend at risk. He sacrificed his life to help his friends from the dangerous rats. He cared for his friends and never yet thought about himself. He did what ever he could for the safety of his friends. He used all his strength by trying to kill as many rats as possible an...

Spatial Cognition and Navigation :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Spatial knowledge and Navigation In the complex dissection of the human brain evolving in our course, not bad(p) strides have been made on the path to erudition of thought and action. secern concerning the true relationship of mind, body, and behavior has been elucidated through discoveries of the neural pathways enabling active agent translation of input to output. We have suggested the origins of action, discussed stimuli both internal and external, as comfortably as concepts of self, agency, and personality interwoven with a more accessible comprehension of physical functionality. However, I remain unable to superimpose upon the current throw of brain and behavior a compatible notion of aw beness of self. What are the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in understanding the spacial relationships amongst oneself and other objects in the world? How do we even become apprised of space and the environment in which we live? What element of the nervous outline govern s those mouldes, which enable human beings to navigate through space?The term spacial cognition is used to describe those processes controlling behavior that must be directed at particular mess, as well as those responses that work out on location or spatial arrangement of stimuli (1). Navigation refers to the process of strategic route planning and way finding, where way finding is be as a dynamic step-by-step decision-making process required to talk over a path to a destination (2). As a spatial behavior, negotiation demands a spatial representation a neural tag that distinguishes one place or spatial arrangement of stimuli from another (1). What, though, serves as such a representation in navigation and from where are these representations derived? The processes occurring within the hippocampus contribute such representations.The hippocampal mode of processing is concerned generally with large distances and long spaces of time. These processes demand a very specific di rect of spatial representation, which relate locations to one another as well as to landmarks in an environment, rather than simply to the agent of action. Spatial attention and action, which firmness of purpose from encoded sensory information, are controlled by the parietal neocortex (1). Information relating to the location and stimuli derived from that location is encoded in sensory cortices. Informed by this egocentric information, allocentric representations provide a basis from which ones current location and orientation can be computed from ones relationship to sensory cues in the environment. This particular set of locations is referred to as a cognitive map.

Louis XIV and Peter The Great Essay example -- essays research papers

Research EssayAbsolute prescripts like Louis fourteen and Peter the Great strengthened there countries butweakened them economically. They made great improvements to the armies and sociable aspects of the kingdom. But when they were improvingall of these things it ended up costing them a great deal of money. Was it good to have a great armament and government if everyone had no money? Absolutism is a political supposition holding that all power should bevested in one ruler or other authority. Both Louis xiv and Peter the Great considered themselves to be unattackable rulers and they had divine right.Louis xiv changed France in many ways. He helped and hurt the ontogenesis nation. In order to become a true absolute ruler Louis xiv needed to make sure that ll the power was contained in himself. So he did a very clever thing, he tookthe nobles power disclose of the government. And to make sure they didnt realize that their power was being taken external slowly he gave them posit ions in the army(doc.7). This now made france a true absolute monarchy. All the power was now in louis xiv. He made all the decisions and no one could stop or disaccord with him. Unlike the middle ages where the system of government was the feudal system and the nobles contained a great deal of power t...