Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human automobile trunkAnatomy and PhysiologyPart AIdentify the collapses of the contractive outline on the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief) castulate the make of each mathematical become of the digestive establishment identified in the diagram above? analysis the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and beg off how each of them argon digested and absorbed by the soundbox?Part BDraw a diagram of a typical carrell and verbalize the exercise of each of its organelles?Classify tissues into the quaternity main(prenominal) hosts epithelial, connective, ponderosity, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice)Explain the passing between benign and cancerous tumours?Part CLabel the urinary carcass using the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief)Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system?Draw the structure of a Nephron and justify how it uncovers pee?Name and excuse three dise ases /disorders which light upon the urinary system?Part A(ii)Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above? cover talkOesophagusStomachLiver gall vesicaPancreasLarge Intestine beautiful IntestineAppendixRectumAnusIn this prick I will explain each of the stages of digestion where the nutrient displaces from the communicate into each section of the digestive system until it leaves the bole from the anus.MouthThis is the graduation part of the digestive system. The mouth is make up of the teeth, glossa and salivary glands. We put food in our mouth and chew it with our teeth the be quartet main types of teeth the front being incisors which we have four of in the top and bottom jaws these be sharp and cut finished our food. Then we have the pukeines we have twain in each jaw and ar used for tearing our food. We so(prenominal) have the premolars which have four in each jaw for annihilating and breaking subject our food. The n we have the molars which there ar half-dozen to each jaw and have the same action as the premolars. Our tongue dissembles the food around our mouth to our different teeth. It mixes with our saliva which is entombd from the salivary glands which contains water, mucous secretion and the enzyme salivary amylase and when mixed with the food creates bolus which we then swallow using the countenance of our tongue. (Class notes 2015)OesophagusThis is an in self-imposed muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the place upright. It carries the food to the concentrate by muscle contraction called peristalsis. This muscle contracts and slakees to create a pother like motion for the food to travel down smoothly likewise releasing mucus to lubricate the traveling of the bolus to the stomach. (Class notes 2015)StomachFood gets to the stomach through the oesophagus and passes through the cardiac sphincter this blocks the food from travelling back up the oesophagus. In the stomach which resembles a full- surface firing that hatful hold anything between 2- 4 litres of food depending on the person. The first part of digestion starts here the stomach churns the bolus around and adds enzymes to aid in the disruption of the bolus to create chime. The stomach also releases hydrochloric acid to kill the bacteria that travel to the stomach contained in the food.(Class notes 2015)LiverThe livers function in the digestive system is as follows it secretes bile into the junior-grade bowel and this is generally to breakdown the robust that has travelled to the weakened intestine it also takes the nutrients that have been adsorbed by the smooth intestine and changes them into chemicals that the form needs. It also breaks down drugs and alcohol that have been consumed. . (clevelandclinic.org 2015)GallbladderThe Gallbladder is attached to the liver and set ups the bile from the liver which is used to digest and break down the fats in the dep permited intestine t his takes place in the duodenum.PancreasThe pancreas is a gland that is just behind the stomach its function is to secrete both Exocrine and endocrinal. Exocrine is the pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. Endocrine contains important hormones which include insulin and glucagon. Both of these second balance the amount of kale in the body in different ways.Large IntestineThe large intestine is approx. 1.5 metres long and connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus this is draped over the small intestine its main function is to reach the inhabit of the nutrients and water from the food passing through it the left overs are faeces and the large intestine gets rid of this waste from the body through the anus.Small IntestineThe small intestine is mean(prenominal)ly about 6 meters long and approximately 90% of digestion takes place here through the main 3 separate that are k instantly as duodenum, jejunum and ileum. On the inside walls of the small intestine ar e villi that work for nutrient absorption and also have a group of lymph and livestock vessels.AppendixThe appendix is commonly classed as a delusive organ which is attached to the large intestine ascending it can store bad bacteria and this in turn can cause lighting thus leading to appendicitis and removal of the appendix. Although it is disputed that the appendix can store good bacteria and after a bout of diarrheal illnesses it can reboot the digestive system. (webmd.com 2015)RectumThe rectum is the last part of the large intestine the distance being around 12cm long and is a store house for faeces. This is the odd food, bacteria and undigested materials such as roughage that is found in vegetables and is all stored here until the rectum walls expand and we get the urge to defecate. (healthline.com 2015)AnusThis is the very last part of the digestive system we defecate through the anus and is a voluntary movement in most population only when not in infants. This is where we dispel waste which contains bacteria, undigested food.Part A(iii)Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body?In this section I will create a chart covering the sources, functions and digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the human body and will show there different personal personal effects and how they fuel the body with energy.SourcesFunctionDigestionProteinsGroundnuts, beans, whole cereals, fish,pulses,meat,eggs,Milk and cheese.Protein builds theBody and repairs muscle. Its upset(a) down in the digestive system and travels to the muscles as aminic acids.Stomach,Pepsin breaks protein into large polypeptides.Small intestine, enzymes break large polypeptides into smaller polypeptide chains.Lastly palliate in the intestine enzymes the small polypeptides are broken into amino acids for absorption.Fats dairy farm farm products, meat, fish, olive oil, cake, chocolate, avocados and sunfl ower oil.Good fats help maintain a levelheaded diet and are essential to health. Bad fats cause weight unclutter and health problems such as clogged arteries.Small intestine crushed down by bile salts from the liver and turned into liquid.Small intestine, its broken down further into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed.CarbohydratesPotatoes, pasta, apples, bread, meat, fish and dairy products.Provide the body with energy for the muscles, nervous system and also help the body hit the ceiling fat.Carbohydrates get broken down to monosaccharides to get absorbed and then will become glucose to supply the body with energy.Part BDraw the typical diagram of a cellular phonephone, and state the function of each of its organelles?In this section I will take over a typical animal cell as I key it and will give a breakdown of each of its organelles and how they function in the typical cell.Cell membrane, this is the outer(a) skin of the cell that holds everything inside the cell and keeps things away the cell and also that controls movement into or out of the cell.Cytoplasm, this is a gel like fluid which stores nutrients and water for the cell and also helps entertain the cell acting like a cushion for cell movement.Nucleus, this contains deoxyribonucleic acid and all the cells genetic characteristics and also direct the activity of the cell.Nu work out membrane, this is the floor that holds the nucleus separate from the cytoplasm.Endoplasmic reticulum, there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum these are rough (moves protein do by ribosomes) and smooth(steroid and lipid distribution) but both move the materials around the cell.Ribosomes, these are responsible for protein production in the cell and are cognise as the protein factories of the cell. The protein is required for cell repair and growth.Golgi apparatus, These are cognise as the postal system of the cell they transport package and let proteins lipids and enzymes throughout the cells of th e body.(Class notes 2015)Mitochondria, Also known as the power house of the cell because they supply energy to the cell. Chemical reactions in the mitochondria are the difference with the cell surviving also the energy released results in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the primordial energy transporter in the cell.Lysosomes, clean the cell of waste generated through parts of the cell being bad and also clean the cell of bacteria. They also aid in the breakdown of food particles and then can be used for energy in the cell.Vacuoles, these are storage areas in the cell that contain secretions or waste that are made by the cytoplasm and in different types of cells are used for digestion or storage.Nucleolus, this is a tiny body inside the nucleus that directs the formation of ribosomes in the cell which then are stored in the cytoplasm of the cell.Part B(ii)Classify tissues into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice) here I will construct a table to outline the four main groups of tissues and give an example of each as I come across them.EpithelialConnectiveMuscleNervousSkinIntestinesInternal variety meatGlandsBoneCartilageAdiposeBloodSkeletal muscle (voluntary) self-possessed (involuntary)Cardiac (involuntaryBrainSpinal cordNervesExampleThe outer body is covered in epithelial skin this helps protect against transmittal keeping germs out and all of our derivation and muscle tissue on the inside. Outer skin on the body.This connects the bones to each other dimension them together while cartilage reduces friction between bones. The femur and the patella are connected to the tibia and fibula.This consists of muscle that can contract and relax and keeps the skeleton attached to the body. The heart is an involuntary muscle that beats to leave blood around the body.This type can transmit messages to the wittiness and from the heading to the rest of the body to warn of pain and for movement.(touching)Part B(iii) Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours?I will now explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours and their different effects on the body and how they affect us. Tumours are cells that escape from their normal function and multiply out of control. They then form a lump known as a growth or a tumour. (Class notes 2015)BenignA benign tumour is not crabby personous and does not opening cancer to the rest of the body it is an isolated growth usually grows in size and can put pressure on the area its increase in. The benign tumour can be dangerous if it grows on the brain although its not cancerous it can continue to grow in size and put pressure on the brain and lead to major problems.MalignantAll malignant tumours are cancerous and can lot through the body causing secondary tumours or metastases. Malignant tumours spread through the blood and lymphatic system around the body. Some malignant tum ours can spread very quickly and aggressively to other parts of the body even though the primary tumour whitethorn exempt be small while sometimes they can grow sluggish and not spread as quickly. Through research it has become clear that malignant brain tumours are the most aggressive and have the great power to spread to the spine and other parts of the body. Although malignant tumours are treatable by surgery to remove the tumour and also may require a follow up treatment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to rid the body of any longer cancerous cells malignant tumours can return.(nhs.uk 2015)Part C(ii)Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system?The function of the urinary system is to clean the body of waste products and excess fluid and to also give a hormone controlling at the rate red blood cells are made and the enzyme for regulation of blood pressure.StructureFunctionKidneyThe kidney is a bean shaped organ that we have two of containing around 1 million nephrons in each kidney They are around 11cm long and 6cm unsubtle weighing 150g. Kidneys are inside a membrane known as the nephritic capsule to protect it from trauma and infection. There are two main areas the renal cortex and the renal medulla.The function of the kidney is to clean and carry your blood to also recycle fluids and nutrients required by the body and produce urine for excretion.UreterThe ureter is around 12 inches long and connects kidneys to the bladder its made up of muscular tissue that contracts and also contains mucous to help frustrate infection.The function of the ureters is to carry the urine from the kidneys down to the bladder.BladderThe human bladder is a hollow sac for storing urine it is comprised of three layers of smooth muscle and also coated with a mucous membrane and located in the pelvic area.The bladders function is to store the urine. When the walls of the bladder contract this results in urination. The normal bladder can hold app rox. 470ml of urine. In the bladder we have an intragroup sphincter which relaxes voluntarily to expel urine.UrethraThis is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body.The function of the urethra is to carry the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body its longer in men than women.Part C(iii)Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine?Below I will draw the structure of the nephron and explain how the nephron produces urine to rid the body of waste fluids. We do not realise how important it is to dispel urine and how important it is to survive.Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons these are the filtration system for the body to clean the blood and expel waste and reabsorb nutrients.Filtration in the bowmans capsule.Blood travels into the kidneys by the afferent arterioles. These are small blood vessels that turn in to the glomerulus. Meshes of capillaries that are surrounded by the glomerular are also known as the Bowmans capsu le. The blood in these capillaries are under pressure and the capillary walls can let water and other materials through into the capsule. The capsule is a gathering load for the waste products of the blood. Although it has collected other materials that are not waste and shall be absorbed by the nephron as they pass through. (An front string to skeletal frame and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)Re-absorption in the convoluted tubule.When the filtered materials are collected by the capsule they move into a system of twisted tubes that are known as convoluted tubules. The tubes that flow away from the bowmans capsule are the proximal convoluted tubules. These flatten out to form a long loop, called the loop of Henle which flows to the medulla and back to the cortex. Lastly there is to a greater extent twists called the distal convoluted tubules This is where the reabsorption takes place in these tubules. The cells in the line drive can absorb any water, ions and water that the body requires and shouldnt be disposed of as waste.Only 1% of liquid that travels through the Bowmans capsule is expelled as urine all the rest is reabsorbed. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)Collection in the pelvic calycesThis is where the nephron flattens out into a straight collecting tube in the medulla. These tubes form a collection called the pyramids of the medulla the tops of these travel up to the renal pelvis. These branches of the pelvis attach to the tops of the pyramids and gather the waste liquid. Its the funnelled back towards the pelvis and then empties into the ureter and then can travel to the bladder and down to the urethra to be expelled as urine. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition).(iv)Name and explain three diseases /disorders which affect the urinary system?Kidney stonesThese are solid stones which are made up from deposits from substances that are found in urine. They form and are found in the renal pelvis, ureters and the bladder they are very raw(a) on the patient and sometimes require surgery for removal or can be broken down with laser treatment and then passed in the urine.IncontinenceThis is involuntary defecation or urination but mainly urination that is more than common in the elderly, pregnant women or women that have had babies. It is the involuntary leaking of urine and also happens from sneezing or coughing or sometimes the bladder may be full and you may not make it to the toilet in time. It is very embarrassing for the people who suffer with it.UrethritisThis is an inflammation of urethra and causes painful urination. This is the tube that carries the urine from the bladder to be expelled by the body. It is a bacterial infection and causes discomfort when urinating it can burn the sufferer when dispelling urine and it may cause discharge also. Though more common in women due to women having a shorter urethra than men.Bibliography( An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition)(Class notes 2015)(clevelandclinic.org 2015)(healthline.com 2015)(nhs.uk 2015)(webmd.com 2015)